LesBiGay Parenting Bibliography
John Gosling, M.D.

Books

Adam. B.D. (1987). The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Boston: Twayne.

Alpen. H. (1983). We Are Everywhere: Writings by and about Lesbian Parents. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press.

Baptiste, D. A. (1987). Psychotherapy with gay/lesbian couples and their children in "stepfamilies": A challenge for marriage and family therapists. In Coleman, E, Ed. Integrated Identity for Gay Men and Lesbians: Psychotherapeutic Approaches for Emotional Well-being (pp.223 - 238). New York: Harrington Park Press

Baptiste, D.A."The gay and lesbian stepparent family." In Gay and Lesbian Parents, F.W. Bozett, ed. (pp.112-137). New York: Praeger. 1987.

Barret,R.L.and Robinson, B.E.Gay Fathers. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books. 1990.Benkov, L.Reinventing the family. New York: Crown. 1994.Berzon, B.Permanent Partners. New York: E.P. Dutton. 1988.Bigner, J.J., and

Bozett F.W.In "Homosexuality and family relations." F.W. Bozett and M.B. Sussman, eds. (pp.155-175). Binghampton, New York: Harrington Park Press. 1989.Bozett, F.W."Children of gay fathers." In Gay and Lesbian Parents, F.W. Bozett, ed. (pp.39-57). New York: Praeger. 1987.Chan, C.S."Issues of identity development among Asian-American lesbians and gay men." In Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experience, L.D. Garnets and D.C. Kimmel, eds. (pp. 376-387). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993.

Clunis, D.M., and

Green, G.D. Lesbian Couples. Seattle: Seal Press. 1988.Coontz, S.The Way We Never Were. New York: Basic Books. 1992.Corley, R. The Final Closet: The Gay Parents' Guide for Coming Out to Their Children. Miami: Editech Press. 1990.D'Augelli, A.R. and Garnets, L.D."Lesbian, gay, and bisexual communities." In Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities Over the Lifespan, A.R. D'Augelli and C.J. Patterson, eds. (pp.293-320). New York: Oxford University Press. 1995.

Bozett, F.W."Gay fathers: a review of the literature." In Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experience, L.D. Garnets and D.C. Kimmel, eds. (pp. 437-457). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993.

Cadwell, S.A."Twice removed: the stigma suffered by gay men with AIDS." In Therapists on the Front Line: Psychotherapist with Gay Men in the Age of AIDS, S.A. Cadwell, R.A. Burnam, Jr., and M. Forstein, eds. (pp.3-24). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. 1994.

De Monteflores, C."Notes on the management of difference." In Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experience, L.D. Garnetts and D.C. Kimmel, eds. (pp. 218-247). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993.

Dunne, E.J."Helping gay fathers come out to their children.", In Psychotherapy with Homosexual Men and Women: Integrated Identity Approaches for Clinical Practice, E. Coleman, ed. (pp. 213-222). New York: The Hawthorne Press. 1988.

Espin, O.M."Issues of identity in Latina lesbians." In Lesbian Psychologies, The Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective, eds. (pp.35-51). Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1987.

Espin, O.M."Issues of identity in the psychology of Latina lesbians." In Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experience, L.D. Garnets and D.C. Kimmel, eds. (pp. 348-363). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993.

Falk, P.J."Lesbian mothers: psychosocial assumptions in family law." In Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experience, L.D. Garnets and D.C. Kimmell , eds. (pp. 420-436). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993.

Garcia, N., Kennedy, C., Pearlman, S.F.and Perez, J. In Lesbian Psychologies, The Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective, eds. (pp.142-160). Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1987.

Gottman, J.S."Children of gay and lesbian parents." In Homosexuality and Family Relations, F.W. Bozett and M.B. Sussman eds. (pp.177-196). New York: Harrington Park Press. 1990.

Green, G.D. and Bozett, F.W. "Lesbian mothers and gay fathers." In Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy, J.D. Gonsiorek and J.D. Weinrich, eds. (pp.197-214). Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. 1991.

Hammersmith, S.K. "A sociological approach to counseling homosexual clients and their families." In Integrated Identity for Gay Men, E. Coleman, ed. (pp.173-190). New York: Harrington Park Press. 1998.

Hancock, K.A."Psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men." In Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities over the Lifespan: Psychological Perspectives, A.R. D'Augelli and C.J. Patterson, eds. (pp. 398-432). New York: Oxford University Press. 1995.

Herek, G.M."Psychological heterosexism in the United States." In Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities over the Lifespan: Psychological Perspectives, A.R. D'Augelli and C. J. Patterson, eds. (pp.321-436). New York: Oxford University Press. 1995.

Huggins, S.L."A comparative study of self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers." In Homosexuality and the Family, F.W. Bozett, ed. (pp.123-135). New York: Harrington Park Press. 1989.Bell, A. P. & Weinberg. M. S. (1978). Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity among Men and Women. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Bigner. J.J. & Bozett, F. W. (1990). "Parenting by gay fathers." In F. W. Bozett & M.A. Sussman, eds., Homosexuality and Family Relations, pp.155-176. New York: Harrington Park Press.

Blumenfeld, W. J. & Raymond, D. (1988). Looking at Gay and Lesbian Life. Boston: Beacon Press.

Boswell. J. (1980). Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bowlby. J (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York: Basic Books.

Bozett, F. W. & Stassinan. M. B., eds. (1990). Homosexuality and Family Relations. New York: Harrington Park Press.

Burke, P. 1993. Family Values: A Lesbian Mother's Fight for Her Son. New York: Vintage Books.

Chodorow, N. (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Clausen, J. (1985) Sinking Stealing. Trumansburg, New York: The Crossing Press.

Crawford, S. 1987. "Lesbian families: Psychosocial stress and the family-building process." In Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective (Ed.), Lesbian Psychologies: Explorations and Challenges. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, pp.195-213.

Dinnerstein, I. (1976) The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Arrangements and Human Malaise. New York: Harper and Row.

Dunn, J. & Plomin,R. (1990). Separate Lives: Why Siblings Are So Different. New York: Basic Books.

Editors of the Harvard Law Review, 1990. Sexual Orientation and the Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Eiduson, B.T& Weisner, T.S. (1978). Aghayewa M. 0. (1984). "Alternative family styles: Effects on young children." In Stevens, J.H. & Matthews, M. eds,

Faderman, L. (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Columbia University Press

Faderman, L. (1981). Surpassing the Love of Men. New York: William Morrow and Company

FaIk, P. 1993. "Lesbian Mothers: psychosocial assumptions in family law." In Garnets,L and Kimmel, D. (Eds.), Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experience. New York: Columbia University Press.

Finkelhor, D. & Russell, D. (1984). "Women as perpetrators: Review of the evidence." In Finkelhor, D., ed. Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research. pp. 171-187.

Gilman, E.P. (1915/1979). Herland. New York: Pantheon Books.

Gottman, J. S. 1990. "Children of gay and lesbian parents." In F. W. Bozett & M.B. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and Family Relations. New York: Harrington Park, pp.177-196.

Gottman, JE SE 1990. Children of gay and lesbian parents. In F. W. Bozett & M.B.

Hanscombe, C. & Forster, J. 1982. Rocking the Cradle. Lesbian Mothers: A Challenge in Family Living. Alyson Publications: Boston.

Hernandez, D. J. (1988). "Demographic trends and the living arrangements of children." In Hetherington, E.M. and Arasteh, J.D., . eds., Impact of Divorce, Single Parenting, and Stepparenting on Children. pp. 3-22. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Hetherington, E.M. and Arasteh, J.D., eds. (1988). Impact of Divorce, Single Parenting, and Stepparenting on Children. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hill, M. 1987. "Child-rearing attitudes of black lesbian mothers." In Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective (Ed.), Lesbian Psychologies: Explorations and Challenges. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, pp.215-226.

Hitchens, D.J. and Kirkpatrick, M.J. (1985). "Lesbian mothers/gay fathers." In Schetky, D.H. and Benedek, E.P., eds. Emerging Issues in Child Psychiatry and the Law. pp. 115-125. New York: Brunner-Mazel.

Hoffman, L. W. (1984). "Work, family, and socialization of the child." In R.D. Parke, ed. Review of Child Development Research, 7. The Family. pp. 123-135. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hotvedt, M. & Mandel, J. 1982. "Children of lesbian mothers." In Paul, W., Weinrich, J., Gonsiorek, J., & Hotvedt, Mary (Eds.), Homosexuality: Social, Psychological and Biological Issues. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 275-285.

Huggins, S. L. 1989. "A comparative study of self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers." In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Homosexuality and the Family. New York: Harrington Park, pp.123-135

Huston, A. (1983). "Sex typing." In Hetherington, E.M., ed. Handbook of Child Psychology, Volume 4, Socialization, Personality and Social development. pp. 387-487. New York: Wiley.

Jacob, T., ed. (1987). Family Interaction and Psychopathology: Theories, Methods, and Findings. New York: Plenun Press

Jullion, J. (1985). Long Way Home: The Odyssey of a Lesbian Mother and Her Children. San Francisco: Cleis Press.

Kinsey. A. C., Pomeroy, W.B., and Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Kirkpatrick, M."Lesbian as Parents." In The Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health, R.P. Cabaj and T.S. Stein, eds. (pp. 353-370). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press Inc. 1996.

Lewin E. and
Lyons, T.A."Everything in its place: the coexistence of lesbianism and motherhood." In Homosexuality: Social, Psychological, and Biological Issues, W. Paul, J.D. Weinrich, J.C. Gonsiorek, and M.E. Hotvedt, eds. (pp.249-273). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. 1982.

Loiacano, D.K."Gay identity issues among Black Americans: racism, homophobia, and the need for validation." In Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experience, L.D. Garnets and D.C. Kimmel, eds. (pp. 364-375). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993.

Martin, A."Lesbian parenting: a personal odyssey." In Gender In Transition: A New Frontier, J. Offerman-Zuckerberg, ed. (pp. 249-262). New York: Plenum. 1989.

Martin, A.The Lesbian and Gay Parenting Handbook: Creating and Raising Our Families. New York: HarperCollins. 1993.

Martin, D. and Lyon, P.Lesbian/Woman. Volcano, CA: Volcano Press. 1991.

Matteson, D.R."The heterosexually married gay and lesbian parent." In Gay and Lesbian Parents, F.W. Bozett, ed. (pp.138-161). New York: Praeger. 1987.

McPherson, D."Gay Parenting couples: parenting arrangements, arrangement satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation." Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto, California. 1993.

McWhirter, D.P. and Mattison, A.M. The Male Couple: How Relationships Develop. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1984.

Morales, E.S."Ethnic minority families and minority gays and lesbians." In Homosexuality and Family Relations, F.W. Bozett and M.B. Sussman, eds. (pp. 217-239). Binghampton, New York: Harrington Park Press. 1990.

Patterson, C.J."Children of the baby boom." In Lesbian and Gay Psychology: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications, B. Greene and G. Herek, eds. (pp. 156-175). Thousand Oaks,California : Sage Publications. 1994.

Patterson, C.J."Lesbian Mothers, Gay Fathers and Their Children." In Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities Over the Lifespan: Psychological Perspectives, A.R. D'Augelli and C.J. Patterson, eds. (pp. 262-290). New York: Oxford University Press. 1995.

Patterson, C.J. and Chan R."Gay fathers and their children." In The Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health, R.P. Cabaj and T.S. Stein, eds. (pp. 371-393). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 1996.

Pennington, S.B."Children of lesbian mothers." In Gay and Lesbian Parents, F.W. Bozett, ed. (pp.58-74). New York: Praeger. 1987.

Peplau, L.A."Lesbian and gay relationships." In Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experience, L.D. Garnets and D.C. Kimmel, eds. (pp. 395-419). New York: Columbia University Press. 1993.

Pies, C.Considering Parenthood: A Workbook for Lesbians. San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute. 1985.Pies, C."Lesbians and the choice to parent." In Homosexuality and Family Relations, F.W. Bozett and M.B. Sussman, eds. (pp.137-154). Binghampton, New York: Harrington Park Press. 1990.

Pollak, S and
Vaughn, J.Politics of the Heart. Ithaca, New York: Firebrand Books. 1987.

Radkowsky, M. "The effects of peer support on gay and lesbian youth." Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Ferkauf Graduate School Of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York. 1990.

Rivera, R.R."Some practical advice for lesbian and gay parents." News From Lambda, Newsletter of Lambda Legal Defense. (p. 4). Spring, 1981.

Rivera, R.R."Legal issues in gay and lesbian parenting." In Gay and Lesbian Parents, F.W. Bozett, ed. (pp. 199-227). New York: Praeger. 1987.

Rivera, R.R."Sexual orientation and the law." In Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy, J.C. Gonsorek and J.D. Weinrich, eds. (pp. 81-100). Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. 1991.

Schulenberg, J.Gay Parenting. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. 1985.Ricketts, W. and Achtenberg, R."The adoptive and foster gay and lesbian parent." In Gay and Lesbian Parents, F.W. Bozett, ed. (pp. 89-111). New York: Praeger. 1990.

Tasker, F and Golombok, S.Growing Up in a Lesbian Family. Guilford, New York, 1997.

Weston, K.Families We Choose. New York: Columbia University Press. 1991.Kohlberg, I. (1966). "A cognitive developmental analysis of children's sex -role concepts and attitudes." In Maccoby, E.E., ed., The Development of Sex Differences. pp. 82-173. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Kohlberg, I. (1964). "Development of moral character and moral ideology." In Hoffman, M.L. & Hoffman, L.W., eds. Review of Child Development Research. pp.383-431. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.

Kohut, H. (1977). The Restoration of the Self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press. Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents 49.

Kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Lamb, M.E., ed. (1982). Non-traditional Families: Parenting and child Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Laosa. L. M. (1988). "Ethnicity and single parenting in the United States." In E. M. Hetherington & J. D. Arasteh, eds., Impact of Divorce, Single Parenting and Stepparenting on Children. pp. 23-49. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lauritsen, J. & Thorstad, D. (1974). The Early Homosexual Rights Movement (1864-1935). New York: Times Change Press.

Loujan, J. 1986. "Psychotherapy with lesbian mothers." In Stein, T. & Cohen, C. (Eds.) Contemporary Perspectives on Psychotherapy with Lesbians and Gay Men.

Mager, D. (1975). "Faggot father." In K. Jay & A. Young, eds., After You're Out. pp.128-134. New York: Links Books.

Martin, A. 1993. The Lesbian and Gay Parenting Handbook: Creating and Raising Our Families. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

McCandish B. (1987) "Against all odds: Lesbian mother family dynamics. In F. Bozett, ed. Gay and Lesbian Parents. pp. 23-38). New York: Praeger.

Money, J. & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1972). Man and Woman, Boy and Girl: The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

New York: Plenum Medical Book Co, pp.181-208.

Noble E. (1987). Having Your Baby by Donor Insemination. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

O'Leary K.D. & Emery, R.E. (1984). "Marital discord and child behavior problems." In M.D. Levine & P. Salz, eds., Middle Childhood: Development and Dysfunction. pp.345-364. Baltimore: University Park Press.

Patterson, C. J. 1994. "Children of the lesbian baby boom: Behavioral adjustment, self-concepts, and sex role identity." In Greene, B. & Herek, G. (Eds.), 1994. Lesbian and Gay Psychology: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp.1 56-175.

Perreault, J. (1975). "Lesbian mother." In K. Jay & A. Young , eds. After You're Out. pp. 125-127. New York: Links Books.

Rafkin, I., ed. (1990) Different Mothers: Sons and Daughters of Lesbians Talk About Their Lives. Pittsbury: Cleis Press.

Reppucci, N.D. (1984). "The wisdom of Solomon: issues in child custody determination." In N.D. Reppucci, I.A. Weithorn, E.P. Mulvey & J. Monahan, eds. Children, Mental Health and the Law. pp. 59-78. Beverly Hills: CA: Sage Publications

Robinson. B.E. & Barret. R.L. (1986). "Gay fathers." In B.E. Robinson & R.L. Barret, eds. The Developing Father: Emerging Roles in Contemporary Society. pp. 145-168. New York: Guilford Press.

Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in Thinking. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rutter, M., Izard, C.E. & Read, P.B. eds. (1986). Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. New York: The Guilford Press.

Saghir, N.T. & Robins, E. (1973). Male and Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Investigation. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Sameroff. A.J. & Chandler, M. (1975). "Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty." In F.D. Horowitz, ed. Review of Child Development Research, 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sappho. 1994. A translation by Mary Barnard. Boston: Shambhala Publications.

Spencer., M.B., Brookins, G. K. & Allen, W. R., eds. (1985). Beginnings: The Social and Affective Development of Black Children. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Steckel, A. 1987. "Psychosocial development of children of lesbian mothers." In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and Lesbian Parents. New York: Praeger, pp. 75-85.1985, 1987

Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and Family Relations. New York: Harrington Park, pp.177-196.

Journal Articles

Achtenberg, R."Lesbian and gay parenting: a psychological and legal perspective." National Center for Lesbian Rights, 1370 Mission Street, San Francisco, California. 1987.

American Psychological Association Amici Curiae brief, Sharon Lynne Bottoms v. Pamela Kay Bottoms, Court of Appeals, Virginia. 1993.

Carter, B."Looking at families through the lens: an interview with Bett Carter." In In the Family, 1. (pp.12-15). Tacoma Park, MD: Family Magazine, Inc. 1995.

Cavaliere, F."Society appears more open to gay parenting." (p. 51). APA Monitor, July 1995.

Garnets, L., Hancock, K., Cochran, S., Goodchilds, J., and Peplau, A."Issues in psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men: a survey of psychologists." American Psychologist, 46. (pp. 964-972). 1991.

Goleman, D."Homophobia: scientists find clues to its roots." The New York Times, (Col. 1, p. 11). July 10, 1990. Golombok, S.,

Spencer, A., and Rutter, M."Children in lesbian and single-parent households: psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24. (pp. 551-572). 1983.

Green, R. "Sexual identity of thirty-seven children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents." American Journal of Psychiatry, 135. (pp. 692-697). 1989.

Green, R., Mandel, J.B., Hotvedt, M.E., Gary, J., and Smith, L. "Lesbian mothers and their children: a comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children." Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15. (pp. 167-184). 1986.

Hollandsworth, M.J."Gay men creating families through surro-gay a arrangements: a paradigm for reproductive freedom." Journal of Gender & Law, 3. (pp. 183-246). 1995.

Kirkpatrick, M., Smith, C., and Roy, R."Lesbian mothers and their children: a comparative survey." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51. (pp. 545-551). 1981.

Kolata, G."Lesbian partners find the means to be parents." The New York Times, Monday, January 30, 1989.Markowitz, L.Editor's note. In The Family, 1, No.1,p.2. 1995.

Martin, A."Some issues in the treatment of gay and lesbian patients." Psychotherapy: Theory, research and practice, 19. (pp. 341-348). 1982.

Martin, A."The planned lesbian and gay family: parenthood and children." Newsletter of the Society of the Psychological Study of Lesbian and Gay Issues, 5. (pp. 6 and 16-17). 1989.

Miller, B."Counseling gay husbands and fathers." In Gay and Lesbian Parents, F.W. Bozett, ed. (pp. 175-187). New York: Praeger. 1987.

Patterson, C.J."Children of gay and lesbian parents." Child Development, 63. (pp. 1025-1042). 1992.

Patterson, C.J."Lesbian and Gay Families." Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3. (pp. 62-64). 1994.

Polikoff, N.D."This child does have two mothers: redefining parenthood to meet the needs of children in lesbian-mother and other non-traditional families." The Georgetown Law Journal, 78. (pp. 459-575). 1990.

Slater, S. and Mencher, J."The lesbian family life cycle: a contextual approach." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61. (pp. 372-382). 1991.

Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1985a). Patterns of infant-mother attachments: Antecedents

Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1985b). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61. pp. 792-812.

and effects on development. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61. pp.771-791.

Basile, R. A. (1974) Lesbian mothers, 1. Woman's Rights Law Reporter, 2. pp. 3-25.

Bem, S. L. (1983). "Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8. pp. 598-616.

Bozett, F. W. 1980. "Gay fathers: How and why they disclose their homosexuality to their children.: Family Relations, 29, 173-179.

Bozett, F. W. 1982. "Heterogeneous couples in heterosexual marriages: Gay men and straight women." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 8, 61-89.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1960). "Freudian theories of identification and their derivatives." Child Development, 31. pp.15-40.

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 29. pp. 402-406.

Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 6. pp. 26-32.

Cole, M. (1988). "Cross-cultural research in the socio-historical tradition. Human Development, 31. pp. 137-157.

College Studies in Social Work, 63 (3), 265-281.

Cramer, D. (1986). "Gay parents and their children: A review of research and practical implications." Journal of Counseling and Development, 64. pp. 504-507.

D'Emilio, J. (1983). Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Makings of a Homosexual Minority in the United States 1940-1970. Chicago: University of Child Relationships, pp. 197-221. Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children.

Development, 61. pp. 347-362.

Dunne, E. J. (I987). "Helping gay fathers come out to their children." Journal of Homosexuality, 13. pp. 213-222.

Editors of the Harvard Law Review (1990). Sexual Orientation and the Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Elder, G.H., Jr. (1986). "Military timing and turning points in men's lives." Developmental Psychology, 22. pp.233-330.

Emery, R.E. (1982). "Interparental conflict and the children of discord and divorce." Psychological Bulletin, 92. pp. 310-330..

Falk, P.J. (1989). "Lesbian mothers: Psychosocial assumptions in family law." American Psychologist, 44. pp. 941-947.

Freiberg, P. (1990). "Lesbian moms can give kids empowering models." APA Monitor. pp. 21-33.

Gibbs, E.D. (1988). "Psychosocial development of children raised by lesbian mothers: A review of research." Women and Therapy, 8. pp. 55-75.

Golombok, S., Spencer, A., & Rutter, M. 1983. "Children in lesbian and single-parent households." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 551-572.

Golombok, S., Spencer, A.1 & Rutter, M. 1953. "Children in lesbian and single-parent households: Psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 551 -572.

Green, R. (1982). "The best interests of the child with a lesbian mother." Bulletin of the American Association for Psychiatry and Law, 10. pp. 7-15.

Green, R. 1978. Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 692-697.

Groth, A. N. & Birnbaum, H. J. (1978). "Adult sexual orientation and attraction to underage persons." Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2. pp. 175-181.

Harrison, A. 0., Wilson, M. N., Pine. C. J., Chan, S. Q. & Buriel, R. (1990).

"Family ecologies of ethnic minority children." Child

Healy, T. 1994. "A struggle for language: patterns of self-disclosure in lesbian couples." Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63 (3), 247-264.

Hitchens, D. J. (l979/80). "Social attitudes, legal standards. and personal trauma in child custody cases. " Journal of Homosexuality, 5. pp. 1-20, 89-95.

Hoeffer, B. 1981. "Children's acquisition of sex-role behavior in lesbian-mother families." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 5, 536-544.

Jones, B. M. & MacFarlane, K., eds. (1980). Sexual Abuse of Children: Selected Readings. Washington, D.C.: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect.

Kirkpatrick, M. (1987). "Clinical implications of lesbian mother studies." Journal of Homosexuality, 13. pp.201-211.

Kirkpatrick, M., Smith, C., & Roy, R. 1981. "Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparative survey." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 545-551.

Kleber, D.J., Howell, R.J. & Tibbits-Kleber, A.L. (1986). "The impact of parental homosexuality in child custody cases: A review of the literature." Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 14. pp. 81-87.

Kweskin, S. L. & Cook, A. S. (1982). "Heterosexual and homosexual mothers' self-described sex role behavior and ideal sex role behavior in children." Sex Roles, 8. pp.967-975.

Laird, J. 1993. Editorial. "Lesbians and Lesbian Families: Multiple Reflections." Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63 (3), 209-215.

Levy, E. F. (1989). "Lesbian motherhood: Identity and social support." Affilia,4. pp.40-53.

Lewis, K.G. (1980). "Children of lesbians: their point of view." Social Work, 25. pp. 198-203.

Lott-Whitehead, L & Tully, C. 1994. "The family lives of lesbian mothers." Smith

Lyons. T. A. (1983). "Lesbian mothers' custody fears." Women and Therapy, 2. pp. 231-240.

Maccoby, E. E. (1990). "Gender and relationships: a developmental account." American Psychologist, 45. pp. 513-520.

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Brief of Amici Curiae American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychological Association, National Association of

Social Workers, Inc., and Virginia Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers, Inc. in the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Record No.1930-93-2 Bottoms V. Bottoms.

Brief of Amicus Curiae National Center for Lesbian Rights, Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders, National Lesbian and Gay Law Association, Bay Area Lawyers for Individual Freedom, NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, Woman's Law Project, and Northwest

Woman's Law Center in support of Respondent-Appellant. In the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Record No. 1930-93-2 Bottoms v. Bottoms.